International Sustainmable Tourism Management Essay

International Sustainmable Tourism Management - Essay Example However, this is not as easy as it sounds when the community is the one to develop tourism and not definite authoritative bodies. Community capital and other relevant resources are the ones that are used thereby bringing many people on board with and without necessary skills. This complicates decision making and entire management of the system. For this endeavour to succeed there is need to have good community organisation and institutional development. Success results into the form of tourism termed as Community Based Tourism (CBT). This paper will highlight various aspects of CBT while trying to evaluate its effectiveness. CBT has been attaining prominence as a formal mode of tourism as time goes by in many nations since its humble beginnings more than four decades ago. Communities back in the villages have been as a result heavily involved in related activities. Tourism in this case has benefited a great deal from this arrangement while the same applies to the communities involved . This has therefore bred mutual dependence where local people have benefited from income generated and tourism from ample knowledge of various attractions (Wangyel 2006). Local people are obligated to provide hospitality and the required cultural interaction to the tourists. Tour operators on the other hand are able to ask for a higher price for the personalised and original service. The local population in this respect is supposed to undergo some training so as to gain knowledge and skills vital in tourism management. Tour companies and authorities are required to offer guidance and marketing strategies necessary to maintain tourism activities. The beauty of this form of relationship between the locals and the tour operators and authorities is that no party has absolute skills or knowledge on tourism. Instead each party has its strengths and capacity to do tourism but it is their collaboration that ensures successful partnership and tourism. Tour companies have the knowledge of ho w to source for tourists while the community has adequate knowledge of tourist attractions. This is a good platform to enhance some level of public-private partnership (PPP). PPP and CBT work towards enhancing community’s welfare by having access to global market while minimising the negative impacts that tourism brings to the society and the environment (Mowforth and Munt 2009). The two also ensure that the community owns tourism processes while people get jobs and management skills. The link between the public and private firms results in either side showcasing its strengths for the benefit of all. It is important to note here that CBT encompasses environmental conservation, social integration and cultural sustainability while increasing the awareness of tourists in regards to the community’s lifestyle. Principles and elements of CBT Before a CBT project is initiated there are a number of issues that have to be looked into for the project not to fail after taking off ; Natural resources The community needs to have a habit of utilising their natural resources in a sustainable manner. Some level of conservation should be evident in the community so as to ensure that tourist attractions remain as they are, if not better. The other element is that the culture of the community has to be unique (McCool and Moisey 2001). Uniqueness here connotes that the local people’

Culture Studies for Fashion Essay Example for Free

Culture Studies for Fashion Essay This essay discusses how fashion helps convey the social identity of the rich and wealthy. Status includes class, gender, and ages. Status is important in today’s society. As Coco Chanel said, †women should dress as plainly as their maids† (Davis 1992:57). A person who is wealthy is a symbol of a person who is successful and of high income in the society. Being wealthy can upgrade one’s status to a higher class, and to be associated with the upper class society. Being wealthy will bring about better lifestyle and standard of living, which allows one to move to a better place and area of residence. Naturally, it creates a bigger opportunity to mingle with societies of a different class. This essay will discuss about status and wealth followed by the history of fashion and how important the type of fabric is in differentiating status and classes. We will then discuss about how technology in the 21st century has helped in the development of fashion. In the late 13th and 14th century, the fabric and gem trade brought back from the east started and spread throughout Europe. These fabric and cloths could only be afforded by the rich, thus wearing these clothes showed the status in the society. This was as Davis (1992; 58) said, ‘Wearing one’s wealth on one’s back’. Different classes of people had very different lifestyles and attended different activities. For example the upper class people went shopping, had afternoon tea, attended evening balls, and were presented the chance to have an education in school. The standard of living was very vastly different as lower class people had to suffer, go through hunger, and possess no extra money for anything other than their basic necessities. Their source of income were either by working day and night in the factory, working as maids for the rich or operating small business stalls. Aristocrats and upper class people communicated their wealth by wearing luxurious brands, expensive accessories, jewelry, and unique apparels from famous designers, and the men talk about business, cars, property, and women. In the eighteenth century, male and female of the aristocracy, and of the upper Bourgeoisie who emulated it, were equally partial to ample display of lace, rich velvets, fine silks, and embroideries, on appease. To highly ornamented footwear, to coiffures, wigs, and hats of rococo embellishment, and to lavish use of scented powders, rouges, and other cosmetics (Los Angeles Country Museum of Art 1983 in Davis 1992). In the twentieth to twenty first century, technology started to become more and more advance. People started to be more reliant on computers. Internet has become a very useful gateway to immediate information. The mass public has fast and direct access to information through the Internet, as an example they can also now browse luxury brands website, watch fashion shows, and do online shopping. Therefore with the ease of access to information, marketing and publicity of a product can reach the consumer level faster than ever before. When a jewelry or luxury brand’s product is worn, people can easily recognize the product and have an idea of a person’s wealth through the worth of their attire. According to Arvanitidou and Gasouka ‘Dressing is an important and controllable way to communicate one’s values, particularly rich in emotional and psychosocial consequences’. People are willing to pay for luxury brand as the brand name is associated with fashion, elegance, class and value. Some example of the designer brands under the luxury category are such as Louis Vuitton, Prada, Chanel, Gucci, Salvatore Ferragamo, Hermes, Versace and others. These luxury brands have been well known in the fashion retail market for a long time. Buying branded goods is like insurance for women as it can easily be sold in the second hand market apart from it being fashionable and trendy. The other reason luxury brands sell well is due to is timeless, evergreen design. Some classic designs will stand the test of time. Shopping to women has a therapeutic effect, be it in shopping malls, luxury shops, or department stores. They indulge in the moment and make themselves happy, especially when buying from luxury brands. Upper class people have the financial capability to purchase most of the things that they like. They also like to compare amongst themselves, so they are ometimes under peer pressure to have the latest and the most fashionable product in order to show off and convince people of their status in the society. With this, they would be able to show that they are wealthy enough to enjoy the luxury brand’s quality products and prove their status. Drama and television advertisement has become a major influence in marketing and publicity of products, especially to the young people. Young people in the twenty first century like to idolize film stars, celebrities, and Korean pop stars, following closely their news, styles, actions, and lifestyles. As the Internet now is very advanced, young people can see live news on the Internet and share the news out to their circle of contact. The standard of living today has changed globally and young people today have higher disposable income. This allows them to chase after branded goods as we are living in a much commercialized world today. We are hit with commercials and advertisements in every direction, from the television, to the radio, magazines, billboards, sponsors of sports, etc. Therefore young people today are also chasing after luxury brands to be associated with status and class. Young children in the twenty first century are more matured thinking; they use make up, wear sexy dresses, and make themselves looks like an adult. They make up a big portion of market share for new technology products which is in trend such as Ipad mini, Iphone5, and Samsung note two. Possessing either one of these product, people will easily recognize their wealth through the product’s worth. In conclusion, wealth is an important factor complementing status. Historically, there was a big difference between aristocracies, upper class people and lower class people in terms of lifestyle and attire. Wearing the right clothes, the appropriate dress for the occasion, fitting in rather than standing out, is the dominant concerns of most people’ (Twigg 2009: 4). Wearing a classic, elegant gown in an evening party is very important in forming the impression of yourself on status and class. Internet and the latest technological products are very useful in helping people receive firsthand information. The products of latest technology are most of the time expensive, and holding the latest items will show that one is wealthy.

Halfway Houses/Hawthorn Heights Essays -- Criminal Justice

As the need for increasingly punitive community-based sanctions grew, the demand for a greater variety of programs and services became apparent, as did the importance of a more seamless transition from total incapacitation to total freedom of prisoners re-entering society. A variety of community corrections methods have developed over the years, one being the institution of halfway houses. To adequately understand residential community corrections, one must consider the origins, components, and effectiveness of halfway houses. Initially halfway houses in the United States were operated by nonprofit organizations as a means for recently released prisoners to find their footing upon re-entry. Between 1816 and 1930, the function of the halfway house was to provide interim food and shelter while the offender looked for work and became financially stable enough to support themself. Participation was strictly voluntary as state support was lacking, primarily due to the fact that it was and is strongly believed ex-offenders should minimize their contact with one another. (Alarid and Del Carmen 182) A transition to treatment and correctional supervision via halfway house in the 1950’s garnered great support as concern regarding parole revocation and crime increased. In a matter of years halfway houses began to receive government assistance and financial support. Funding sources were dramatically increased through the 1968 Safe Streets Act and a focus on community corrections was prevalent. By the time funding began to decrease in the 1980’s, halfway houses had found their place in corrections as an alternative to incarceration and a safe place for offenders to transition out of prison, reducing potential problems due to overcrowding. (A... ...do V. Del Carmen.Community-Based Corrections. Eigth. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2011. 179-206. Print. Klein-Saffran, Jody. "Electronic Monitoring vs. Halfway Houses: A Study of Federal Offenders."Alternatives to Incarceration. Fall 1995: 24-28. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Lagos, David. NC Courts. NC Sentencing and Policy Advisory Commission . Compendium of Community Corrections Programs in North Carolina . Raleigh: , 2010. Web. . Shilton, Mary K. U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance. Increasing Public Safety Through Halfway Houses. 2003. Web. content/3-halfway-houses-pub-safety.pdf>. Halfway Houses/Hawthorn Heights Essays -- Criminal Justice As the need for increasingly punitive community-based sanctions grew, the demand for a greater variety of programs and services became apparent, as did the importance of a more seamless transition from total incapacitation to total freedom of prisoners re-entering society. A variety of community corrections methods have developed over the years, one being the institution of halfway houses. To adequately understand residential community corrections, one must consider the origins, components, and effectiveness of halfway houses. Initially halfway houses in the United States were operated by nonprofit organizations as a means for recently released prisoners to find their footing upon re-entry. Between 1816 and 1930, the function of the halfway house was to provide interim food and shelter while the offender looked for work and became financially stable enough to support themself. Participation was strictly voluntary as state support was lacking, primarily due to the fact that it was and is strongly believed ex-offenders should minimize their contact with one another. (Alarid and Del Carmen 182) A transition to treatment and correctional supervision via halfway house in the 1950’s garnered great support as concern regarding parole revocation and crime increased. In a matter of years halfway houses began to receive government assistance and financial support. Funding sources were dramatically increased through the 1968 Safe Streets Act and a focus on community corrections was prevalent. By the time funding began to decrease in the 1980’s, halfway houses had found their place in corrections as an alternative to incarceration and a safe place for offenders to transition out of prison, reducing potential problems due to overcrowding. (A... ...do V. Del Carmen.Community-Based Corrections. Eigth. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2011. 179-206. Print. Klein-Saffran, Jody. "Electronic Monitoring vs. Halfway Houses: A Study of Federal Offenders."Alternatives to Incarceration. Fall 1995: 24-28. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Lagos, David. NC Courts. NC Sentencing and Policy Advisory Commission . Compendium of Community Corrections Programs in North Carolina . Raleigh: , 2010. Web. . Shilton, Mary K. U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance. Increasing Public Safety Through Halfway Houses. 2003. Web. content/3-halfway-houses-pub-safety.pdf>.

Deviance and Crime (Sociology)

One of the ways in which sociologists theorize deviance is through the control theory. This theory was first pioneered by Travis Hirschi in 1969. The control theory suggests that a person who does commit serious crimes is free of any emotional, social feelings and for those that do not commit crimes are able to control themselves to not commit crimes and behave in an acceptable manner in society without being a danger to others. Basically, this theory emphasizes that a person from birth is capable of acting in criminal behaviour, but the social factors affect a person from committing criminal acts or not.Within this theory there are four factors in which someone will not commit in any deviant behaviour. These factors are attachment, commitment, involvement and belief . Attachment applies to affection that a person has for their parents or friends, etc. and does not want to disappoint or hurt by involving themselves into delinquent behaviour. Commitment is used to describe what a pers on has to lose when they involve themselves in committing crimes, etc. such as having a high standing in society or whether they are in school or are employed.Involvement refers to the amount of time a person invests in something that keeps them busy such as any extracurricular activities, for example, which would prevent them from having the time to commit crimes. The final factor belief refers to a person’s own belief system and whether or not they choose to follow societal rules and that if they do believe in these rules, they would be less likely to act in a deviant manner. These bonds that are presented by Hirschi are meant to represent that they control our behaviour through social contraventions and are not necessarily laws that are within our society.Basically, this theory best describes the reasons in which deviance is theorized because it takes into effect all of the reasons in which a person would or would not act in a deviant manner. The four bonds that were menti oned above highlight the factors that are important in almost everyone’s lives and that if any of those are missing in our lives, it would lead us to act in devious ways. An example in which describes the way in which these social bonds can present hemselves when they are no longer there are described in the article â€Å"Key Idea: Hirschi’s Social Bond/Social Control Theory† when they describe how a person would still stop at a stop sign in the middle of nowhere with no other traffic and no police cars observing. This is a good example because it shows that a person is still worried about any possible implications that a bad decision would affect them. The control theory is a theory, which could best to explain deviance and why people act in a deviant manner. The reason why is that the manner in which people are raised and who they are surrounded by.For example, someone does not commit any crimes because of the fact that they have family and friends and conform to society’s rules so that they could continue to have the bonds that they have with their friends and family, but when that bond is broken, that leaves room for the person to partake in deviant acts. Some of the weaknesses that can be pointed out in this factor could be that some delinquents who are underage could possibly have less parental supervision and that they would be free to experiment with different things whether it is illegal or not.Another weakness in this theory is that a person is not essentially capable of committing criminal acts from birth, but there are events in a person’s life where they need or want to involve themselves in criminal acts. This theory is the better theory when describing deviance. This is the better theory because it takes into effect most of the reasons why a person would or would not take part in deviant behaviour. The four social bonds that are described within this theory are things that a person would hold dear and would not jeopardize these relationships or beliefs and feelings by partaking in criminal or deviant behaviour.

Marriage Contract

Marriage contracts have become fashionable in this twenty first century. This is where the husband and wife agree to be married only for a period of time. This can be done formally or informally. Usually this is characterized by writing of wills. The contract springs from the arbitrary will of the people involved. In this case the husband and wife. This usually shows who will own the property after the contract expires. The contract is usually formal when there is a common will between the parties. This is where there is alienation of a thing, and in this case one of the parties has a negative moment. There is also appropriation of the thing where the other party has a positive moment. Marriage is usually understood as a social institution. It generally constitutes of social, religious, communicative, and contractual dimensions. There are usually conflicting needs and natural inclinations when marriage is viewed as a contract. Philosophy of Marriage The philosophy of marriage acknowledges that this institution provides security for the people there in. This philosophy stipulates that the parties involved have to take full responsibility to children until they are old enough to be independent. This means that the fruits of procreation will always exist in a marriage. This is where individuals will provide protection and support to each other. In the marriage philosophy, there exists mutual respect between the parties. Each partner brings in love, and care to the relationship. In this case there is no overriding partner or superiority is not exercised in this case. There is equality between the parties. [1] Philosophy of Love This shows that people get married to the people they love and those that they are attracted to. The philosophy of love acknowledges that love normally diminishes with time when the parties get married. There are different types of love .This includes the Eros that is characterized by excitement and intimacy. This commonly exists between people of the different sex. Love is important to any marriage set up. There is also the agape and philia love. Religion There are various forms of religion in the world today. The marriage union may bring together people of diverse religions. Among the religions available[2] includes Christianity, Muslim, Hinduism, Buddhists etc. Due to high mobility rates individuals in marriage may be from different religions. This factor has influenced formation of marriage contracts. This is where either of the parties doesn’t want to change his or her religion or stay with someone of a different religion forever. They then agree to stay together just for a period. In case children are born in such set up then they may be allowed to choose for themselves once they are mature enough. When the children are still young it becomes hard to decide which religion they belong. Parties can cope by allowing children be of father’s religion till they are old enough to choose. Rearing of Children Most marriages are normally blessed with children. Some partners may agree not to have children at all. In contract marriages, partners provide care, support and protection to children when the contract still exists. When the contract expires, the parties agree who will take custody of children. Some partners may share the kids between themselves. Most of them let the mother take custody of the children and the father supports financially. In this case the father may be allowed to visit. This is how the parties cope. Communication Communication is an important aspect in any marriage set up. In marriage contracts, communication is normally very good when the parties are still married. In marriage the parties should be open to each other. They share joys, even fears. When the contract expires communication dwindles. Parties become reserved. Individuals cope by looking for new friends at work or in the neighborhood. Money When parties are married, they may have joint accounts. Each of them has to contribute some amount of money to wellbeing of the family. They are accountable to each other on how they spend their money. When the contract expires each individual chooses what to do with their finances and is not accountable to the other party. Parties may cope by taking up extra job to meet their needs. Intimacy When the individuals are married, intimacy is inevitable. The individuals will automatically have sex within the marriage institution. When the marriage contract expires, the parties will no longer enjoy the conjugal rights. Neither of the parties will demand from the other. Some individuals may still be intimate even after the marriage contract expiring. Other parties cope by having other sexual partners. Personal and Spouse Independence They are very little personal independence when parties are still married. When the contract expires the man and woman expect to be independent. The individuals are no longer accountable to each other. Each person minds his or her own business. Some parties who want their personal independence after the contract may relocate to other places. Social Activities When in marriage individuals enjoy social activities like partying, swimming or jogging together. The parties are free with one another. Such social activities bring joy to the marriage. Coping with such an issue can be tricky because the individuals could have gotten used to each other. Some may continue having social activities after the contract expires. Some cope by getting new friends to socialize with. Occupational Issues When parties are still married occupational issues are affected in relation to family responsibilities. For instance a wife may remain at home and take care of kids while the husband goes to work. When the marriage contract expires the wife may cope by getting a job and employing a house help. This is because the husband may never give her much support as before. Household Responsibilities In marriage set up, the husband and wife normally share the household responsibilities. This includes laundry work, cleaning, cooking and things like baby sitting. When the marriage contract expires, parties may cope by employing house helps or end up doing all the work by themselves which may be quite strenuous. This may need resigning from work. Conclusion Marriage in itself encompasses so many issues. There are religion issues, money, intimacy, communication among others. It is always better when the parties stick together throughout their lifetime for better and for worse. While marriage contracts are thriving in this century, they are not the best. This is because children are adversely affected. The individuals find it hard to cope .This is in relation to intimacy issues, rearing children and shouldering other responsibilities. It is needless to say that two are better than one, because when one falls down, the other can pick him or her up. Reference Danley, J. R. (1979): Contracts, conquerors, and conquests, IN: Southwestern journal of philosophy. – 10:no. 1:171-177 [1] Danley, J. R. (1979): Contracts, conquerors, and conquests, IN: Southwestern journal of philosophy. – 10:no. 1:171-177 [2] Danley, J. R. (1979): Contracts, conquerors, and conquests, IN: Southwestern journal of philosophy. – 10:no. 1:171-177 Â   Â  

The Religious Right Definition and Issues

The Religious Right Definition and Issues The movement generally referred to in the U.S. as the Religious Right came of age in the late 1970s. While its extremely diverse and shouldnt be characterized in simple terms, its an ultraconservative religious response to the sexual revolution. Its a response to events that are seen by Religious Right proponents as being connected to the sexual revolution. Its goal is to effect this religious response as public policy. Family Values From a Religious Right perspective, the sexual revolution has brought American culture to a fork in the road. Either the American people can endorse a traditional and religious institution of family and the values of loyalty and self-sacrifice along with it, or they can endorse a secular hedonistic lifestyle grounded in self-gratification and with it a profound moral nihilism. Proponents of the Religious Rights approach to public policy do not tend to see any broadly applicable alternatives to these two possibilities- such as a hedonistic religious culture or a deeply moral secular culture- for religious reasons. Abortion If the modern Religious Right had a birthday, it would be January 22, 1973. That was the day the Supreme Court handed down its ruling in Roe v. Wade, establishing that all women have the right to choose to have an abortion. For many religious conservatives, this was the ultimate extension of the sexual revolution- the idea that sexual and reproductive freedom could be used to defend what many religious conservatives consider to be murder. Lesbian and Gay Rights Religious Right proponents tend to blame the sexual revolution for increasing social acceptance of homosexuality, which some religious conservatives regard as a contagious sin that can be spread to youth by exposure. Hostility toward lesbians and gay men reached a fever pitch in the movement during the 1980s and 1990s, but the movement has since transitioned into a calmer, more measured opposition to gay rights initiatives such as  same-sex marriage, civil unions, and nondiscrimination laws. Pornography The Religious Right has also tended to oppose the legalization and distribution of pornography. It considers it to be another decadent effect of the sexual revolution. Media Censorship While media censorship has not often been a central legislative policy position of the Religious Right, individual activists within the movement have historically seen the increase of sexual content on television as a dangerous symptom of and a sustaining force behind cultural acceptance of sexual promiscuity. Grassroots movements such as the Parents Television Council have taken aim at television programs that contain sexual content or that appear to condone sexual relations outside of marriage. Religion in Government The Religious Right is often associated with attempts to defend or reintroduce government-sponsored religious practices ranging from government-endorsed school prayer to government-funded religious monuments. But such policy controversies are generally seen within the Religious Right community as symbolic battles, representing flashpoints in the culture war between religious supporters of family values and secular supporters of hedonistic culture. The Religious Right and Neoconservatism Some leaders within the Religious Right  see theocratic movements within Islam as a greater threat than secular culture since the events of 9/11. The 700 Clubs Rev. Pat Robertson endorsed thrice-divorced, pro-choice former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani in the 2008 presidential elections because of Giulianis perceived tough stance against religion-motivated terrorism. The Future of the Religious Right The concept of the Religious Right has always been vague, nebulous, and vaguely insulting toward the tens of millions of evangelical voters who are most often counted among its ranks. Evangelical voters are as diverse as any other voting bloc, and the Religious Right as a movement- represented by organizations such as the Moral Majority and the Christian Coalition- never received evangelical voters ubiquitous support. Is the Religious Right a Threat?   It would be naive to say that the Religious Right no longer poses a threat to civil liberties, but it no longer poses the most serious threat to civil liberties- if it ever did. As the general atmosphere of obedience following the September 11 attacks demonstrated, all demographics can be manipulated by fear. Some religious conservatives are more motivated than most by the fear of a potentially hedonistic, nihilistic culture. The proper response to that fear is not to dismiss it but to help find more constructive ways to respond to it.

All About the Great Lakes of North America

All About the Great Lakes of North America Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes, straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km). Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by millenia of glacial activity. Interestingly, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac, and can be technically considered a single lake. The Formation of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin (the Great Lakes and the surrounding area) began to form about two billion years ago – almost two-thirds the age of the earth. During this period, major volcanic activity and geologic stresses formed the mountain systems of North America, and after significant erosion, several depressions in the ground were carved. Some two billion years later the surrounding seas continuously flooded the area, further eroding the landscape and leaving a lot of water behind as they went away. More recently, about two million years ago, it was glaciers that advanced over and back across the land. The glaciers were upwards of 6,500 feet thick and further depressed the Great Lakes Basin. When the glaciers finally retreated and melted approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind. It is these glacier waters that form the Great Lakes today. Many glacial features are still visible on the Great Lakes Basin today in the form of glacial drift, groups of sand, silt, clay and other unorganized debris deposited by a glacier. Moraines, till plains, drumlins, and eskers are some of the most common features that remain. The Industrial Great Lakes The shorelines of the Great Lakes stretch a little over 10,000 miles (16,000 km), touching eight states in the U.S. and Ontario in Canada, and make an excellent site for the transportation of goods. It was the primary route used by early explorers of North America  and was a major reason for the great industrial growth of the Midwest throughout the 19th and 20th century. Today, 200 million tons a year are transported using this waterway. Major cargoes include iron ore (and other mine products), iron and steel, agriculture, and manufactured goods. The Great Lakes Basin also is home to 25%, and 7% of Canadian and U.S. agricultural production, respectively. Cargo ships are aided by the system of canals and locks built on and between the lakes and rivers of the Great Lakes Basin. The two major sets of locks and canals are: 1) The Great Lakes Seaway, consisting of the Welland Canal and the Soo Locks, allowing ships to pass by the Niagra Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River. 2) The St. Lawrence Seaway, extending from Montreal to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Altogether this transportation network makes it possible for ships to travel a total distance of 2,340 miles (2765 km), all the way from Duluth, Minnesota to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to avoid collisions when traveling on the rivers connecting the Great Lakes, ships travel upbound (west) and downbound (east) in shipping lanes. There are around 65 ports located on Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. 15 are international and include: Burns Harbor at Portage, Detroit, Duluth-Superior, Hamilton, Lorain, Milwaukee, Montreal, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Quebec, Sept-Iles, Thunder Bay, Toledo, Toronto, Valleyfield, and Port Windsor. Great Lakes Recreation About 70 million people visit these the Great Lakes every year to enjoy their water and beaches. Sandstone cliffs, high dunes, extensive trails, campgrounds, and diverse wildlife are just some of the many attractions of the Great Lakes. It is estimated that $15 billion is spent every year on leisure activities every year. Sport fishing is a very common activity, partly because of the Great Lakes size, and also because the lakes are stocked year after year. Some of the fish include bass, bluegill, crappie, perch, pike, trout, and walleye. Some non-native species such as salmon and hybrid breeds have been introduced but have generally not succeeded. Chartered fishing tours are a major part of the Great Lakes tourism industry. Spas and clinics are popular tourist attractions also, and couple well with some of the serene waters of the Great Lakes. Pleasure-boating is another common activity and is more successful than ever as more and more canals are built to connect the lakes and surrounding rivers. Great Lakes Pollution and Invasive Species Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the quality of water of the Great Lakes. Industrial waste and sewage were the primary culprits, specifically phosphorus, fertilizer, and toxic chemicals. In order to control this issue, the governments of Canada and the United States joined to sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. Such measures have drastically improved the quality of water, though pollution still finds its way into the waters, primarily through agricultural runoff. Another major concern in the Great Lakes is non-native invasive species. An unanticipated introduction of such species can drastically alter evolved food chains and destroy local ecosystems. The end result of this is a loss of  biodiversity. Well known invasive species include the zebra mussel, Pacific salmon, carp, lamprey, and alewife.

The Ins and Outs of Fetal Homicide Laws

The Ins and Outs of Fetal Homicide Laws In 1969, Teresa Keeler, eight months pregnant, was beaten unconscious by her jealous ex-husband, Robert Keeler, who told her during the attack that he was going to stomp it out of her. Later, at the hospital, Keeler delivered her little girl, who was stillborn and suffered a fractured skull. Prosecutors attempted to charge Robert Keeler with the beating of his wife and for the murder of the fetus, Baby Girl Vogt, named with her fathers last name. The California Supreme Court dismissed the charges, saying that only someone born alive could be killed and that the fetus was not legally a human being. Due to public pressure, the murder statute was eventually amended to say that murder charges can only apply to fetuses older than seven weeks or beyond the embryonic stage. Laci Peterson This law was then used to prosecute Scott Peterson with two counts of murder for Laci Peterson, his wife, and their seven-month unborn son, Conner. If both the woman and the child were killed and we can prove the child was killed due to the actions of the perpetrator, then we charge both, said Stanislaus County Assistant District Attorney Carol Shipley as quoted by CourtTv.com. A multiple murder charge against Scott Peterson makes him eligible for the death penalty according to California law. Fetal Homicide:When Is a Fetus Considered Living? Although many states now have fetal homicide laws, there is a wide variety of differences about when a fetus is considered living.   Pro-Choice groups see the laws as a way to undermine Roe v. Wade, although currently statues to the laws clearly exclude legal abortions. Anti-abortionists view it as a way to teach the public about the value of a human life. Rae Carruth Former pro football player for the Carolina Panthers, Rae Carruth, was convicted of conspiracy to commit the murder of Cherica Adams, who was seven months pregnant with his child. He was also found guilty of shooting into an occupied vehicle and of using an instrument to kill a fetus. Adams died of a result of the gunshot wounds but her child, delivered by Caesarean section, survived. Rae Carruth received close to the maximum sentence of 19 to 24 years in prison. Unborn Victims of Violence Act On April 1, 2004, President Bush signed into law the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, also known as Laci and Conners Law. The new law states that any child in utero is considered to be a legal victim if injured or killed during the commission of a federal crime of violence. The bills definition of child in utero is a member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. Veronica Jane Thornsbury Since February 2004, Kentucky law recognizes a crime of fetal homicide in the first, second, third, and fourth degrees. The law defines an unborn child, as a member of the species homo sapiens in utero from conception onward, without regard to age, health, or condition of dependency. This determination came after the March 2001 tragedy involving 22-year-old Veronica Jane Thornsbury who was in labor and on her way to the hospital when a driver, under the influence of drugs, Charles Christopher Morris, 29, ran a red light and smashed into Thornsbury car and killed her. The fetus was stillborn. The drugged driver was prosecuted on for the murder of both the mother and the fetus. However, because her baby was not born, state Court of Appeals overturned a guilty plea in the death of the fetus. Currently, 37 states recognize the unlawful killing of an unborn child as homicide in at least some circumstances.

Anthropology Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Anthropology Paper - Assignment Example Linguistic anthropology, the third sub-discipline, is concerned with the origin of the human language and speech with particular emphasis on some specific languages. Through comparing various languages, this sub-discipline is critical in making out relationships between different peoples. The fourth sub-discipline is social-cultural anthropology that entails the study of the three core aspects of a living population—social, economic, and political organization with a view of contributing to community development (Lakeside University, 2012). Question Two Chapter 2 discussed the attempts by early anthropologists to describe race biologically. Describe the typological and population models Typological model is an approach that anthropologists developed to classify people during the 19th and 20th centuries. This idea of classification was anchored on what is today known as race today as it classified people according to parameters like geographical regions and traits like skin col or, stature, and form of hair among others. However, this model of classification was noted to be less biological and more culture-related (O'Neil, 2011). Population model, on the other hand, sheds light on human population patterns from a genetic point of view. In this regard, this model focuses on the patterns of breeding among the human populations and look for traits such as physiological ones that can help put them apart. Although history is clear that humans do not mate as a group for a long time, this model is viewed in good light from a theoretical perspective (O'Neil, 2011). Question Three Describe the impact of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution on studies of divisions of humans The Darwinian Theory greatly influenced the studies of divisions of human in that it brought forth a new platform of scientific thinking in addition to generating numerous controversies. One, the Darwinian theory in a great way clashed with the long-held and widespread view of Creationism that encompassed the intervention of God in the existence of the universe and its creations—plants and animals. In this regard, this theory replaced the idea of divine creation with one that talked of evolution of man through a process he referred to as natural selection. In light of this, the Darwinian Theory gave new meaning to the study of anthropology by coming up with an alternative perspective on the possible origin of man (Tuazon, 2008). Question Four The scientific racialism experiment of the 18th and 19th century resulted in the concept of eugenics. Describe this term and its social consequences Eugenics is a science that focuses on controlling genetic traits of the human race with a view of improving it. Eugenics alleged that those people who belonged to the lower class possessed inferior genes compared to the ones who were socially well off. As such, a reproduction with this group with poor genetic traits would lead to a degraded society. Ignoring the social condit ions that characterize the marginalized in the society; eugenics suggested that the upper class in the society possessed quality skills like artistic and intellectual abilities. Eugenics led to many injustices across societies in the

Lessons from Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lessons from Jesus - Essay Example The first twenty verses of Chapter five of Mark describe how Jesus freed a man from the demons that had possessed him. Background information presented indicates that the demons tormented the man immensely compelling him to dwell near tombs. However, on seeing Jesus, the man recognized that Jesus could offer a remedy to his problem, by ordering the demons to depart from him. Moreover, the man had knowledge of the true identity of Jesus as the one sent from God because he hid obeisance to him. Jesus ought to know the man’s name, and he replied that he was Legion because multiple demons had possessed him. Upon his request, Jesus ordered the demons to move out of him and possess the swine that were feeding on the mountains instead. After the demons possessed the swine, they moved into the sea and drowned. On Jesus’ order, the man went to retell his experience to his people (Reddish, 2011). From verses 21 by Mark, Chapter 5, a man named Jairus approached Jesus requesting hi m to accompany him to his homestead and heal his daughter. According to the man, the daughter was critically ill. Heeding his call, Jesus accepted to go with him, although the large crowd following Jesus proved to hinder swift movement. In this crowd was a woman who had suffered hemorrhaging for twelve years without finding any remedy despite her search. She had the conviction that Jesus had the potential of healing her condition. She only touched her garments and experienced instant healing. As they walked, they received news that Jairus’ daughter had succumbed to her illness. However, Jesus proceeded to the homestead and brought her back to life. In addition, John in Chapter 11 outlines how Jesus resurrected his friend, Lazarus. This happened after he had been in the tomb for four days. During this occasion, Jesus saw the grief of the people and wept to show his sensitivity to their needs (Reddish, 2011). Application It is evident that Jesus had power and used it in a sensi tive manner of helping others.  

Stage 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 - Essay Example One of the requirements of this response is that the database must be regularly updated upon arrival of a new customer. Employees should also provide time and day when they can offer the best to customers. This process of linking customers and employee is facilitated by Myra just by a click of button leading to direct contact of top management and clients. Donald H. Sheldon (2006) notes that, â€Å"No role that is important to ensure success of a master scheduling than that of top management.† In conclusion, UMUC haircut is transforming organization input to output using business processes to develop a scheduling system. Waite (2008) observed that this conversion leads to effective and efficient customer needs satisfaction. In addition to this, UMUC haircut customers can be sent personalized messages using phone number and notified on the availability of the service. According to Turaban, Volonino and Wood (2013), the use of recent technology such as tablets and ipads has contributed to fast reporting process and cost cutting of expenses broadband. This will highly contribute to the reduction of customer delays in premises resulting to attraction of more customers thus leading to a competitive

Case of Mohamad vs Rajoub Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case of Mohamad vs Rajoub - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the case of Mohamad vs Rajoub was filed by the widow and children of Azzam Rahim , who was tortured brutally and murdered inside the custody of a Palestinian jail by the officials However the court dismissed the case filed by the accused family on the grounds that that the Torture victim protection act applies only to the natural persons which was later supported by the Supreme of the United States. Though the respondents in the case which included the three officers accepted their guilt but the court provided the decision on their favor considering the fact that Azzam Rahim was not a natural person. The case of Mohammad vs Rajoub was filed in the court with a purpose to investigate the fact that whether Torture victim Protection Act 1991was also applicable only to the natural persons or not. The case was under the jurisdiction of the district court of Colombia though it was later handled by the US Supreme Court. In the case the source of the crimina l was law comprised of the families of the victim and the three officials of the custody. Accomplice liability in legal term refers to the fact that an individual is held guilty for the commitment of the crime by other if the person intentionally is involved in the crime by his solicitation, or advice to commit the crime with the help of the physical conduct or his psychological influence. In the case referred the victim who was in custody was brutally beaten by the officials who caused him death. The three officers who were held as guilty were charged with the Accomplice liability considering the fact that all three were involved in the killing and must have provoked each other in beating the victim in custody which caused him death. It also conferred on the fact that the accomplice had the stake in the act of the principal. As in the case it was difficult to point out the principle accused as all three were equally responsible, so the accused were held guilty under the charge of a ccomplice liability (Rogers, n.d, p.1351). Criminal liability refers to the liability of the accused which arises on the event of breaking the law or committing a crime. In the case mentioned the respondents were held guilty and charged with criminal liability on the grounds that they violated the law and killed the convict in the prison. As a result of the offence they committed, they were sentenced to jail for 1-7 years, but they were not imposed with any other liability considering the fact that the victim was not a natural person. During the petition in the court the officials also accepted their act of violating the law of killing a person in jail. Difference between various elements of crime and the application in the case: The elements of crime which are considered in the paper are Actus Reus, Actus Menus and concurrence. In legal terms the, Actus Reus refers to the conduct of the accused and in order to declare the accused as criminal it is necessary to investigate the reaso n behind the act which causes the harm to the victim and the act must be a voluntary in nature . In the case of Mohammad vs Rajoub, it was found out that the officials in the custody had

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s Research Paper

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s - Research Paper Example This was known as the Thaumatrope (Lenburg 272). This led to a series of progression in how the animations operated. Animations have been used since time immemorial to depict different aspects of human life. This ranges from people, scenarios, and events in the past, present and projected ones in the future. Use of animation has proved to be effective and has come in handy where there is no video. However, animations have also been used to propagate vices such as racism and hate speech. Many studios have produced animations with a massive amount of racist work. One of the notable cases is the racist animation used to depict Nazi Germany by Americans. This was in the period of 1940 to 1960 immediately after the 2nd world war (Langman 22). This paper shall thus reference into the investigation of the old animation works that occurred during the 1940s through to the 1960s over the massive amounts of the racist content that they showed. The paper shall also focus on the Nazi Germany and the manner by which the animations were depicted and were used. Again, information of how the Nazi Germany brought in the same issues affecting animation studios in America shall be investigated. The reaction to the audience to the racist animations shall also be compared to the present day where these works have been banned. Between 1933 and 1945, Adolf Hitler ruled Germany through the Nazi party. Germany, at this time was referred to as Nazi Germany or Third Reich. Nazi Germany was responsible for the launching of the Second World War in the larger Europe. It was also responsible for the Holocaust, which led to the death of many Jews living in Europe and other minor tribes. Racism was quite rampant in the Nazi Germany. The Nazis believed that some races were better than other was. Their racist stand was known, but nobody expected they would actually turn against their own people whom they ruled. Hitler had plainly made known his hatred for the Jews. This is why immediately he got to power; he spearheaded the movement against them, which led to the holocaust. Hitler would blame the Jews for all misfortunes in Germany. According to him, they had lost the 1st world war because of a conspiracy by the Jews. He also claimed that the Jews had attempted to destroy Germany, which led to the hyper inflation in 1923. In January 1933, the Jews were labeled sub humans (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 201). Germans could no longer buy from Jewish shops as they were marked with the yellow Star of David. Soldiers were placed at the doors to make sure no one entered these shops. This was an attempt to drive the Jews into Bankruptcy. Jews were hard working and had earned many fortunes with time. The racism became worse when Jews had to sit on chairs marked for them in public places such as schools and bus parks. In schools, the teachers would openly ridicule Jewish children. The racism became worse in 1935. The law of Nuremberg was passed making Jews lose their right as German citize ns (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 223). Marriages between Jews and non-Jews were prohibited, and from this point on, violence against the Jews became intense. Since this period, and after the Second World War, short animations produced from various studios focused on racist content works. Many of these focused on the Nazi Germany. There were various charges against Disney. It was claimed that Disney was a Nazi.

Case of Mohamad vs Rajoub Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case of Mohamad vs Rajoub - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the case of Mohamad vs Rajoub was filed by the widow and children of Azzam Rahim , who was tortured brutally and murdered inside the custody of a Palestinian jail by the officials However the court dismissed the case filed by the accused family on the grounds that that the Torture victim protection act applies only to the natural persons which was later supported by the Supreme of the United States. Though the respondents in the case which included the three officers accepted their guilt but the court provided the decision on their favor considering the fact that Azzam Rahim was not a natural person. The case of Mohammad vs Rajoub was filed in the court with a purpose to investigate the fact that whether Torture victim Protection Act 1991was also applicable only to the natural persons or not. The case was under the jurisdiction of the district court of Colombia though it was later handled by the US Supreme Court. In the case the source of the crimina l was law comprised of the families of the victim and the three officials of the custody. Accomplice liability in legal term refers to the fact that an individual is held guilty for the commitment of the crime by other if the person intentionally is involved in the crime by his solicitation, or advice to commit the crime with the help of the physical conduct or his psychological influence. In the case referred the victim who was in custody was brutally beaten by the officials who caused him death. The three officers who were held as guilty were charged with the Accomplice liability considering the fact that all three were involved in the killing and must have provoked each other in beating the victim in custody which caused him death. It also conferred on the fact that the accomplice had the stake in the act of the principal. As in the case it was difficult to point out the principle accused as all three were equally responsible, so the accused were held guilty under the charge of a ccomplice liability (Rogers, n.d, p.1351). Criminal liability refers to the liability of the accused which arises on the event of breaking the law or committing a crime. In the case mentioned the respondents were held guilty and charged with criminal liability on the grounds that they violated the law and killed the convict in the prison. As a result of the offence they committed, they were sentenced to jail for 1-7 years, but they were not imposed with any other liability considering the fact that the victim was not a natural person. During the petition in the court the officials also accepted their act of violating the law of killing a person in jail. Difference between various elements of crime and the application in the case: The elements of crime which are considered in the paper are Actus Reus, Actus Menus and concurrence. In legal terms the, Actus Reus refers to the conduct of the accused and in order to declare the accused as criminal it is necessary to investigate the reaso n behind the act which causes the harm to the victim and the act must be a voluntary in nature . In the case of Mohammad vs Rajoub, it was found out that the officials in the custody had

Biography Of Alfred Binet The Psychologist Research Paper

Biography Of Alfred Binet The Psychologist - Research Paper Example Thus, he began studying the natural sciences with a particular emphasis in neurology. In 1891, Binet took over as the director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology in Sorbonne. Specifically, Binet was interested in the development of children, specifically in the field of the developing intelligence (â€Å"Binet, Alfred). Intelligence, to this day, is still a highly debated field. The debate focuses on two main issues: defining what intelligence is and deciding whether it is an inherently biological feature or whether the environment defines it. Society has attempted to figure out ways to quantify the measure of one’s intelligence and this started with Binet. At first, Binet was interested in developing tests in which they would be used to see whether a child was suffering from a mental disability or not. This started when he was asked to join the Free Society for the Psychological Study of Children. His goal was to take this study and use a highly scientific and qua ntitative method in order to quantify this construct of intelligence. This use of quantifiable measurements lead to Binet creating the first types of intelligence tests, making him the father of all the modern intelligence tests that are used today to measure constructs from IQ to scholastic achievement. At the forefront of his intelligence tests, a student under the name of Theodore Simon appointed himself as Binet’s assistant in the study of childhood intelligence. They developed a scale of intelligence, which became famously known as the Binet-Simon scale. The Binet-Simon scale was the first created by Binet and Simon that was a psychological test in order to gauge a child’s intelligence level. The scale consisted of a number of tests, which would require the child to demonstrate different ways of thinking and problem solving. Some of these tests were aimed at measuring the child’s perception in response to a stimulus such as light, auditory, and tactile resp onses. Other tests worked on a recognition principle using the recognition of food as the construct. This would involve presenting the food with an object that wasn’t food, but was similar in the dimensions, appearance, etc. to see whether or not the child would be able to tell a difference. In addition, there were tests that were designed to gauge how effectively the child’s motor function and coordination worked through the execution of simple movements through commands. Lastly, they would test what today could be considered general intelligence in that it involved the recognition and statement of what objects were. This was accomplished through the use of physical objects, pictures, etc. which required not only for the child to recognize and process what it was, but be able to tell the tester verbally what they were seeing. Comparison tests were also used in order to determine whether the child could discriminate against objects, which were similar, but different. T ests in attention, suggestibility, memory, and problem solving were also conducted in order to determine the child’s intellectual level (Binet). Binet was very thorough in his methods as he wanted to use a scientific method as well as be able to quantify his data. However, he was a self-learned psychologists which in the end gave him a grave disadvantage when we was developing theories regarding intelligence. Thus, many of his scales were

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay In the last semester of junior high school, I left home for my study experience in Sydney. Though I initially had a hard time because of language barrier, I later made friends with my interesting enthusiasm and friendliness. Thereafter, I also studied abroad in Canada, an experience that helped expand my general perspectives in life. Here I also faced some unpleasant and embarrassing racial prejudice but my approach with positive view of life won over many as friends. High schools experiences helped me pull through the long and arduous time when I served in the military. The two years and nine months of military service transformed me into an individual with strength, patience, and will power. During grueling training I bit down and became even more involved. The training was usually exhausting, but the feeling of pride do instilled in us a sense of confidence and will power. As our unit was placed along side American troops near the military perimeter, many American officers and soldiers came to visit our unit. One day I was summoned by the battalion commander as an interpreter, and ever since then my area of specialty changed from a counterattack gun to the role of an aide to the battalion commander. Life there was not one for soldiers but for executive ranks in the battalion and was full of hardships for a mere soldier like myself. Again, I developed good relationship with many in the executive ranks with my characteristically enthusiastic personality. I fully utilized my influence to act as a negotiator between the two groups when conflicts arose. I was able to overcome jealousy of fellow soldiersand we laterrelied on each other for mutual relationship. I still fondly look back to the fulfilling memories of how my small help brought back liveliness to our days in the battalion. The cherishment of these memories and the continuation of personal development are made possible by the help of my family, who have always been by my side and have always been my greatest supporters. I strongly believe that my wonderful personality comes from my family. I have been born into the happiest family in the world, and grew under the world’s most outstanding parents. My conservative father taught me the importance of leadership, responsibility, and diligence through daily activities I do in life, and my mother personally showed me endless love. My brother equally gave me an unwavering support, revealing to me those things that are important in my life for consolidation. The memories I have from my past experiences make up my life, and they are the motivation that cheer me to continually forge ahead in life. My family, friends, and even the people that I say hello to whose names I don’t even know are all part of my network and my life. I have thus learned from unforgettable experiences and strongly convinced that a positive viewpoint lends happiness in life. With confidence and pride I look forward to writing

The Marketing Director Of Nestle Company Marketing Essay

The Marketing Director Of Nestle Company Marketing Essay Introduction The assignment investigates about a marketing strategy, tactics for a new product innovation and product improvements of Nestlà ©, one of the fastest growing FMCG Company with its product innovations. In this assignment, the STP analysis and tactics of marketing is applied for the new product design of the existing product from Nestlà ©. Firstly, Wheelwright and Clark, 1992 state that New product development (NPD) is due to three reasons such as increasing international competition, the challenging markets and the diverse or various technologies. Montoya- Weiss and Calantone (1994) add that the success or failure of NPD depend on the performance and factors done by organisation according to the strategic factors, development process and market innovation skills. The total word count of the assignment is () excluding references and appendices. The overview of the company (market and existing portfolio of its products and brands) Nestlà © is a Swiss multinational packaged food company formed by the merger of the Anglo- Swiss Milk company in 1905 (Nestlà ©, 2012). It is not only the largest food company in the world possessing 8,000 brands and a range of products but also one of the shareholders of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics company (Tom Mulier, 2011). The logo of Nestlà © symbolizes not only the activities of the company but also illustrates the average modern family of two children where the tree symbolizes an oak and the birds thrushes. The blue colour logo characterizes purity, care and goodness (famouslogos.us, 2012). Figure 1: The logo of Nestlà © (Nestlà ©, 2012) Nestlà © has sustained great performance in UK and Ireland which is due to its well- known brands, Kit Kat and Nescafà © and gained good sales growth through the year, 2012. Moreover, its successful innovations such as Nescafà © Azera and Maggi brand had made the company, Nestlà © outstanding from its competitors- both major competitors (Unilever and Mass Incorporated and Kraft foods) and competitors from local markets. The company has invested more than  £500 million to launch next generation of world class manufacturing facilities in the UK. Additionally, the company will hire more than 300 employees for their Nescafà © Dolce Gusto plant, which has increased the market share to supply not only to the UK market but also to export markets around the world (Nestlà ©, 2012). The type of the NPD for Nestlà © Company Trott (1998) defines new products as the developments or variations on existing formats. Although the products have appeared before in the market, it is still new to the market due to the changing innovation of including application advice for the product. Among the brands from Nestlà ©, the new product development would be the combination of dairy products (condensed milk and sugar) and coffee in one packet. That is also known as the additions to existing product lines (Trott, 1998). What makes it different from the previous packaging is not because having more than one product but because of launching new product innovation which is different from its competitors products. Figure 2: New Product Design for Nestlà © Our new product will meet the functional needs such as Biogenic needs or Biogenic drives often known as physiological drives and satisfy the physical needs such as food, water, air and shelter (Solomon and Bamossy et al, 2010). According to the Maslows hierarchy of needs, it satisfies the physiological needs which in turn dominate an individuals attention (Chisnall, 1995). Importantly, the needs of people differ according to the individuals unique history, learning experiences and the cultural environment and background (Solomon and Bamossy et al, 2010). Moreover, Motivation is the psychological process that allows consumers to recognize the needs (Wells and Prensky, 1996). Therefore, the new product of Nestlà © will definitely give positive motivation to customers where they will find out the positive mood, pleasure and comfort where it will lead to operant conditioning where the attractiveness of the product will provide the consumers through their benefits (Evans, Jamal and Foxal l, 2009). Segmentation through Demographic, Psychographics, Values, Culture and Influencing factors Clearly, the purpose of segmentation, a creative process is to fulfil customers needs and requirements creating competitive advantage for the company. However, Weinstein (1987) argue that companies treat everyone is their customers not targeting as segments groups in most companies. Macdonald and Dunbar (1998) explain that according to the Ansoff matrix, our new product includes in extending existing products to new segments. They suggest that a clear and realistic goal is necessary for a company as it plays a crucial role in the marketing planning process. Therefore, select segmented customers play an important role as targets for marketing activity and then develop a unique marketing program to carry out the prospects. Segmentation creates opportunities for the company where they can meet customers needs not only for today but also for the future (Macdonald and Dunber, 1998). Firstly, to know who to focus on and why, then we need to identify attractive segments from United Kingdom to know the consumer criteria. The Ethnicity results of 2001 Census show that 85.67% of proportions of total UK population are White British. 1.8% is of Indian, 1% is of Black Caribbean and 0.4% is of Other Asian excluding Chinese. See more in Appendix (). According to Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2010), consumer psychographics consist of lifestyle, personality and self- image. However Ries and Trout (1972) suggest that learning Psychographics, we become to recognize and understand about the values, perceptions, lifestyle, attitudes and motivations of the people. The lifestyle groups of people from UK are self- actualizers, innovators, esteem-seeker, strivers, contented conformers, traditionalists and disconnected The Consumer Insights Social Value Groups (2005), 18% of UK population like to self- actualises. Antonides and Raaij (1998), claim that values play an important part in Christianity and West European Culture. The values of UK can be learnt according to the indexes of Greet Hofstede (1991). Ronen and Shenkar (1985) stated UK as one of the Anglo countries. According to Hofstedes maps, UK ranks small on Power Distance and weak Uncertainty. Besides, amongst the types of self- congruence and self concept motives, Jamal and Goode (2001) investigate that individuals with higher levels of self-image congruence prefer higher levels of satisfaction. Thus, the attitudes towards buying new product behaviour can change with Heider (1958) theory. Targeting for the new Nestlà © product The target market of Nestlà © would be demographic targeting (N generation and Generation X or Baby Busters). Adam Smith Institute (1998) mentions that Generation Y or the millennial generation sometimes known as N generation are between ages 16 to 33 year old in 2010. Coupland (1991) indicates that age ranges from 34 to 44 year olds in 2010 are Generation X or Baby Busters. Ahmad, 2002 remark that over 20 million people in UK are of baby boomers (45-65 year olds in 2010) which can be estimated as 25 million by 2021. Moreover, Benefits sought can differ according to the social classes. See the social classes of UK (2008) in Appendix. Middle class people consume healthier food than the low ones. According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, middle class people show superego structure from their conscious mind and control their behaviour according to morals and values. Oppositely, people who grew up in poverty are observing for physiological and safety needs from Maslows hierarchy of needs. Therefore, we should motivate these people to have healthy nutrients. In order to attract new product of Nestlà ©, the influencers are important as people are usually addicted to what the influencer speaks. Therefore, M Evans and C Fill being cited in Evans et al (2010) explain that opinion formers are targeted first and after that opinion leaders may receive the information from the opinion formers. But Antonides and Raaij (2010) claimed that opinion formers are informed via social contents by opinion leaders as they know new products via mass media. So, opinion leaders can give positive or negative advice and further information to opinion formers as they are influenced by opinion leaders. Park and Lessig (1997) suggest that information influence helps a lot in motivating people buying behaviour as they ask first from relatives upon which products to buy when they consider buying a product. Consequently, the motivation can acquire from external environment (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2010). McGuire (1974, 1976) show that cognitive motives can make individuals need for being adaptively concerned with headed for the environment and for attaining a sense of meaning. He and Greenberg, (2009) explain that cognitive dissonance motivates customers of the inconsistency between their attitude and behaviour, and encouraging a change headed for sustainable behaviour. Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2010), suggest that Maslow hierarchy of needs shows the motivational hierarchy of people. Positioning Fifield (2007) states positioning possesses an idea or perception in the customers attention. While Shimp (2011) defines that positioning has two actions namely, brand in (the consumers mind) and against (competitive positioning strategies). However, Clancy and Krieg (2000) show that positioning is all about stating a short statement or message to imprint in customers minds. Nowadays, most companies are expanding their positioning strategies to appeal more segments (Kotler et.al, 2005). For new Nestlà © product, the communication message Time Saving is crucial to receive the customers attention (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2009). This would be positioning based on functional needs to deliver solutions to consumers current consumption-related difficulties or potential problems by telling that the brand has specific benefits capable of solving those problems (Shimp, 2011). It becomes product related attributes as it offers product advantages such as saves time, affordable and convenient to carry which in turns motivates customers and creates values for their wants. Nevertheless, Kotler et.al (2005) outline that the competitive advantage being low and high quality influence on products position. For Nestlà ©, firstly, Nestlà ©s current position in the mind of consumers will be supported where introducing unoccupied position which values consumers and allowing reposition the competition. Finally, a company should deliver and communicate the desired position to target consumers because the companys marketing mix- product, price, place and promotion support its positioning strategy. Importantly, Nestlà © should support its position through performance and communication avoiding changes that might confuse consumers (Kotler et.al, 2005). Marketing Mix Strategies Product Kotler et. al, 2005 explain product offers market for attention, acquisition which satisfies customers needs and wants. A product can be physical objects, services, persons, places, organisations and ideas. Actual product of new Nestlà © includes its features, design, band name and packaging. It is vital to gain strong brand equity to capture customers loyalty and preference (Kotler et.al, 2005). Aaker (1991) recommend that a brand is a distinguishing name or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or pack design) intended to identify the goods and services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitiors. In order to launch the brand extension or brand stretching, new product can easily get recognition whereby saves high advertising cost. Essentially, a failure of brand extensions sometimes occur Brand dilution which may damage consumer attitudes towards other products as well (Kotler et al, 2005). For the new product, the original logo and name of Nestlà © would use. This could bring several advantages not only gaining customers attention because of creating a good product quality but also enabling the supplier to attract a loyal and profitable set of customers. As the package colour is of green and gold which is likeability legally protectable and made with higher- quality products. Packaging, an activity of designing the container or wrapper of a product for new Nestlà © can fulfil customers coffee breaks as it saves time and budget for them. For the new product, the logo and slogan will be the same as the original Nestlà © product. The design of the new product comes with 20 small packets inside a huge pack. Also the product is available with a small one whereas including 3 ingredients. This new packaging style would bring several benefits for the customers since it includes three products at the same time which offers the basic problem solving for them. They can easily carry and consume it whenever they go or can keep it since it comes along with zip-lock pattern. Moreover, it saves time for the customers when they are having a cup of coffee which in turn offers augmented benefits. Furthermore, it provides core benefits to middle class people. Since it is a consumer product therefore, consumers frequently purchase it for their own consumption. Furthermore, product quality has a direct impact on product performance; therefore, Nestlà © should link its new product quality to customers value and satisfaction (Kotler et.al, 2005). Nestlà © firstly should create quality level to support the new products position in the target market. Customer- driven strategy should introduce here to create a better quality for customers. The Product life cycle identifies a products sales and profits over its lifetime (Kotler et.al, 2005). During Introduction stage, since the product is new, the profits are negative or low because of the low sales and high distribution and promotion expenses. A rapid penetration strategy should apply to get fastest market penetration and largest market share (Kotler et al, 2005). If the new product meets market needs in the growth stage, sales will start increasing. Thus, the early adopters will begin buying and later buyers will start following their lead, because of the word-of- mouth. Later, new competitors will enter the market. It is essential to aware the product not to reach to maturity and to decline stage. The PLC of existing Nestlà © brands and new product is shown in Appendix (). Price Obviously, among the 4 elements of marketing mix, Price only can bring revenues. It is essential to avoid pricing which is cost-oriented rather than customer-value oriented. Since the segment and target market is carefully done, it is easy to set up the price for the new product. Being a new product, Nestlà © should apply market- penetration pricing while setting a low rice in order to attract large numbers of buyers and penetrate the market. Nestlà © should maintain its low price position to get penetration in the market. Among five products mix strategies, Nestlà © comes with product line pricing as there are cost difference between the products from the product line that have difference features and competitors prices. The selling price for the new product would be  £3 pounds for the whole packet which has 20 small packs inside. Being oligopolistic competition pricing, Nestlà © Company is always alert to its competitors strategies. Moreover, the customers perceptions of price effect on their buying decisions. Thus, if the new products demand falls by 10 %, when Nestlà © raises its price by 2 % the demand would be elastic occurring -5. However, if demand falls by 1% when the price is increased by 2%, inelastic demand occurs with -1/2 (Kotler et.al, 2005). Place Place is where transporting the right product to the right place at the right time to the customers (The times 100, 2012). It is known as Nestlà ©s distribution channel within marketing mix is to reach to its target market. New product of Nestlà © should be transported using indirect-marketing channels as below: The product is firstly targeted to consumers from UK in the introduction stage, it will distribute to all over the countries later. Marketing channel is part of customer value delivery network therefore; each channel adds value for the customers. The intermediaries of Nestlà © (wholesalers and retailers) take part a number of activities when delivering the products. For example: wholesalers can provide quicker delivery to the customers and retailers offer final link between the consumers and Nestlà © company (Kotler et. al, 2005). For the logistics functions, Nestlà © should store the goods in the warehouses while making stock available before the products are ready to be sold. Promotion The communication message Time Saving is crucial to receive the customers attention (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2009). In order to communicate with the target customers (external stakeholders), a variety of promotion methods will use with the purpose of Effectively attainting new customers by increasing customer base and Retention of existing customers by keeping up customer relations New product is going to be promoted through television, internet among the major media types. Nestlà ©s new product should Reach 70% of its target market during the first three months. I. Broadcast advertising (Television and Internet) The benefits would be good mass-market coverage and low cost per exposure. Frangi (2011) states that the proportion of media activities during the day time in UK as follow: For Nestlà © new product, an advertisement should create using Beyoncà ©s family (Appendix). Celebrity Endorsement promotes a sense of belief among the target audience and approves brand equity (Till, 1998). Moreover, since a celebrity can make advertisement believable (Kamins et.al;.1989), there will be certain awareness of the target group by breaking the disorder of ad and creating the ad and brand more obvious. As celebrity can help in brand name recognition (Petty, Cacioppo, Schermann, 1983), people will have a high recalling member for their favourite celebrity. Celebrities are appreciated and adored and respected by their audiences or fans and advertisers so, using stars as PR can influence the fans or customers towards the brand. Additionally, using Social networks Facebook, MySpace and Twitter could lead the customers to memorize the new product in a short period of time. It could especially attract to teenagers by looking at the proportion of their internet usage (Appendix). Proportion of adults who browse over social networking sites on the internet Conclusion Using the marketing mix creates a lot of advantages which brings customers satisfactions. Importantly, brand loyalty is necessary to make customers willingness to repeat purchase. It is essential to make a brand to be available in every shop including benefits such as good brand image, affordable price and packaging style. Marketing Strategies of Nestlà © would bring benefits along with the AIDA model. Attention (Awareness) attracts customers attention and awareness. Interest- creates advantages and benefits of Nestlà ©. Nestlà © should let its stakeholders know that fair ingredients include in it which is suitable to everybody. Mind will be fresh and everybody can concentrate on their work, after consuming the new product. Desire- The five performance objectives quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and fair price should consider getting customers desire. First error free goods should introduce which brings quality advantage to customers. Speed is important in providing goo ds and services to customers. Besides, doing or making things on time is important too. This is dependability. Next, flexibility requires fulfilling all customer requirements and dealing with all customer possibilities. Action- Customers action will meet as soon as they buy the new product. It is important to offer a value more than customers expectations. Thus, they have satisfaction which in turn creates them hard-core loyal and will unlikely to switch brands in the predictable future. As a recommendation, Nestlà © should consider internally and externally for its new product development. Internally, all departments have to work together, discuss and consider how they should make to build the brand image of new products and get the customers trust. Externally, it should consider about relationship, integrated and social responsibilities marketing. Nestlà © brand has long-term relationship with its customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, members of the financial community; shareholders and investors and other marketing partners (channels, distributors and advertising agencies). According to Kotler Keller (2006) Holistic Marketing is important in developing, designing and implementing of marketing programs, processes and activities. The relationship should not end in order to earn and retain the business. A strong relationship is essential to give a value which is more than customers expectations that would bring satisfactions and loyalty. Figure 1.1 Demography of UK in the year 2010 Classification of classes Explanations Lower middle class White collar workers Middle class Got tertiary education Upper middle class Earn higher incomes. They all are traditionally accomplished from private schools. Nouveau riche Working class, lower middle class Under class Long- term unemployed, elderly pensioners, economic immigrants, dependent on state benefits Upper class Statistically very few nowadays Skilled working class Blue- collar workers Work mostly in the construction and manufacturing factory. Unskilled and semi- skilled working class Blue- collar workers Work mostly in car factories, steel mills and textile mills Figure 1.3 Social classes of UK New product of Nestlà © Existing Nestlà © products

Christopher Columbus Essay -- History Columbus

Christopher Columbus is credited as the audacious voyager who challenged modern thinking and found the land now known as the Americas. Columbus not only discovered new lands, but also opened trade with native peoples and brought substantial wealth and glory to the major European powers. In addition his ventures not only enabled the spread of the gospel to pagan peoples, but also set the stage for the emergence of the United States of America. Without Christopher Columbus the United States would not have been a separate state for over 500 years or more or not at all. However, despite all that Columbus did, people still fail to recognize the journey he undertook before Columbus set off in his first ship. The public is still unable to comprehend, despite years of education, the internal and external struggle and the ridicule Columbus was forced to go through for just believing in what he thought was correct. His courage in the face of ridicule is what really makes Columbus a national he ro in that age as well as in this era. Christopher Columbus’ acts of perseverance, his moral courage, and his adventurous spirit continue to inspire the people of today. Through this intercourse, Christopher Columbus’ work has not ended, for it is continuous as it persists to imbue the people of today with the ability to succeed in the face of an unknown future. (Philips 13) Christopher Columbus’ perseverance and persistence have long been a part of the philosophy of modern thinking. Columbus displayed high acts of persistence as he rode the waves of uncertainty to the land of success. When Columbus sought audience with King of Portugal in 1485, he was humiliatingly denied funding for his proposed idea to sail west to get to India. If, Columbus had g... ... the various values that Columbus passed on to us. Works Cited 123Holiday. "Christopher Columbus Biography." Columbus Day. Microsoft Encarta, 23 May 2003. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. London UK: Penguin Classics. Davidson, Miles H. (1997) Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Khurana, Simran. "Quotations: Hope." Quotes Quotations. 2001. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Phillips, W. D. and C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Comparing the Reaction Rates of Alkanes and Alkenes Essay

Introduction Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between the atoms. Saturated hydrocarbon is the other term for it. They are used as fuels because they are non-reactive and also do not conduct electricity. For this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in solvents such as water while alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the other term for alkenes. They are stable compounds, but more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of carbon-carbon bond. Objectives: * To know if potassium permanganate solution will show reactions with oil and fat samples. * To determine if the results of the performed experiment are saturated or unsaturated and alkane or alkene if the samples are mixed with potassium permanganate. Hypothesis: If the fats and oils will be added by potassium permanganate solution then we will know if it is an alkane or an alkene. Materials and Methods * We obtained 2 full droppers (medicine dropper) of each oil sample, such as coconut oil, canola oil, corn oil, linseed oil and castor oil and placed it in different test tubes each. Different droppers were used to gather each sample. * We then melted the solid samples; butter, lard, and margarine using the warm water bath provided by the laboratory and tested them as liquids. * After getting all the samples needed, we added one dropper full of potassium permanganate solution to each samples and with the use of stirring rod, we stirred it then was covered with stoppers. The solid samples at the room temperature were turned to liquid when it was heated using the warm water bath method, while the liquid samples was still liquid at the room temperature. The butter and lard din not mixed well with the potassium permanganate  (KMnO4) and has some unmixed reactant which was at the bottom of the test tubes. Others, such as canola oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, castor oil, corn oil, and margarine has reactions as seen at table 1. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) discharges its color to the samples if it is unsaturated fat, however some have special cases like margarine and coconut oil.  Alkanes are not reactant with most reagentsbecause they have good orbital overlap, and their C-C and C-H bonds are strong. Alkane is not acidic nor basic due to the C-H bond and the electronegativity of both elements. Due to similarities the bond becomes a little polarity. Less polarity mean the proton loss would be difficult. Saturated fats are hydrocarbons consisting of no double bonds between carbon atoms of the datty acid chain. Excessive consumption is not good because of their association with atherosclerosis and heart diseases. Unsaturated fats are considered good to eat if you have control with you cholesterol. It increases good cholesterol or bad cholesterol. The following samples are unsaturated fats based on our results: Lard, Canola Oil, Linseed Oil, Corn Oil and Castor Oil. In chemical sense, fats  are called â€Å"unsaturated† because they have spots that could potentially be filled with hydrogen atoms. â€Å"Monounsaturated† are fats that don’t have hydrogen. â€Å"Polyunsaturated† are fats that have more than one spot of hydrogen. Summary With the use of the Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) the reaction of the samples were compared and determined whether the substance is an alkane or an alkene. It helps saturated fats from unsaturated fats by discharging its colors to the samples. After following the methods of the experiment, we began to research on some facts about the alkanes and alkenes. All of the samples of liquid at the room temperature changed its color including margarine, while butter and lard did not mix well with the Potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Conclusion Therefore we conclude that potassium permanganate (KMnO4) will have a reaction when mixed with unsaturated fats (alkenes), while saturated fats will have less reaction due to its structure because it has no double or triple bond.

Native American Movement

To most experts, the 1950’s was a defining period for the Americans; one which saw the emergence of the United States as a global superpower, whose clout and influence extended to the far reaches of the globe. America’s glorious victory in World War II has paved the way for a leadership role that the United States took to with effortless skill. This newfound sense of economic and political power changed the lay of America’s land. While World War II ended successfully for the United States, its end meant the beginning of a new struggle for the Americans, or to be more accurate, the continuation of a struggle that started when the Pioneers first settled in America. The Native Americans, as first settlers of the United States before it was called as such, have always been reluctant to welcome the Pioneers. This has led to several violent battles, but eventually to an uneasy compromise. This tenuous peace was threatened once again after the war, as renewed prosperity encouraged the United States government to attempt the re-assimilation of the Native Americans into mainstream society. This brought about an upheaval among Native Americans as they considered this move a threat to their culture and way of living which they have furiously fought for. Most of the uprooted Native Americans were unable to adapt to urban life, and ended up worse than where they started. Clearly while the United State government meant well, the move to urbanize Native Americans failed miserably. The 1960’s brought with it a legacy of â€Å"assimilation and cultural legitimization† (Benham, 2002, 3), and it left on its heels a nation of Native Americans who are more aware of their rights and became more assertive in pushing for those rights. The 1960’s saw the Native American Movement taking off led by a new generation of well-educated leaders fighting to restore Native Americans lands that have been taken away from them. All across the United States, these Native American leaders disputed violations and successfully negotiated for expanded rights for the American Indians. This movement culminated in the establishment of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968 which was founded with the initial purpose of placing state-mandated subsidies in the hands of locally-controlled American Indian organizations, and then channel these funds to Native Indians who needed them the most. However, in the 1970’s the American Indian Movement evolved into a secessionist group which aggressively promoted â€Å"self-governance and return to tribal ways† (Patterson et al, 2005, 77) This fervor spread like wildfire across the United States. American Indians took their cause to the streets, to the courts, to the media, and to all other possible venues where they can express their indignation and press for their rights. In an effort to recover ancestral land, they sued the states that have forcibly taken American Indian territories. They have also been able to protect their land against development. Needless to say, all of these militant protests paid off, with the government granting them concessions. In the 1970’s, there was a succession of legislation passed ensuring better treatment for the Native Americans. In 1972, the Indian Education Act gave Native American greater options over the schools that they can choose to send their children. In 1976, the Indian Health Care Act was passed to provide better health care for American Indians. In 1978, in acknowledgement of Native Indian ways, the Indian Child Welfare Act was enacted which gave Indian tribes the authority to deliberate and decide custody issues involving Indian children. (Mintz, 2007) Indeed the late 1960s and early 1970s was a period of political enlightenment and activism, not just among Native Americans, but among disenfranchised groups such as the African Americans and women’s rights groups. In the case of the Native Americans, the activism was spurred by poverty and lack of support from the government. By the 1960s, while most of the United States was experiencing prosperity, American Indians have remained among the poorest of the country’s minority groups, and the government has remained largely indifferent to their plight. This resurgence in Native American Nationalism resulted in armed confrontations and death, but it managed to bring desired results as well. Sometimes it does take militant action to compel a government to pay attention and take action. Other Americans, who did not know any better, became more aware of Native Americans and their plights, and some became active supporters to their cause. Elected officials such as senators and congressmen were compelled to support legislation that protected the rights of the American Indians and ensured their equal protection. Indeed it might be said that the Native American movement was a movement that has been a long time in the making. But when it did take place, it did so at the best possible time. The movement came at a time when Americans were becoming aware of the rights of others, and thus American society was only too willing to heed the call of a people who have been in the land long before anyone else did. References: Benham, K.P. (2002). The Renaissance of American Indian Higher Education: Capturing the Dream. Edited by Wayne J. Stein. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. P. 3. Mintz, S. (2007). America in Ferment: The Tumultuous 1960s. The Native American Power Movement. Digital History. Retrieved October 10, 2007 from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=387 Patterson, J. T., et al. (2005). The Oxford history of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 77.   

Memorandum International management associated Essay

Businesses have crossed borders, and it has been growing rapidly in recent decades because of the liberalization of government policies, and technological expansion. To satisfy the global demand of customers, it requires strong managements skills, sensitivity to cultural issues, and intercultural competence. As the multinational corporations grows and improve the quality, and operate at international level, this is why managers should ask three critical questions, first why should I expand internationally? Second where should I expand? Finally, how to expand? Which will help to achieve successful strategic objectives. `In this memorandum the Board of Directors for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc. concerns of the board of directors of the plant relative to international sales of products of for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc will be examined. This memorandum analyzes the international management considerations associated with the plant. ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc is anticipating nearly twenty percent of the sales from the international and overseas market. Therefore, the board of directors has expressed their concerns about the management of  international aspects for the plant. Some issues have been identified in overseas management procedures, and considerations for the same are to be provided. This memorandum expresses the concerns for the same. The ABC, Inc needs to adopt international management strategies to sustain its competitive position in the market via adequate cultural, technical, political, and economic environment. Localization Concerns After knowing why to expand either to increase sales or to cut costs or for other reasons . The ABC, Inc, should decide which countries to enter first, which type of countries to chose, what criteria to follow to make these choices. The best suggestion for ABC, Inc is enter the countries with the largest potential customers for its products, however managers should also think about how likely they are going to success in particular foreign market, and how to measure not only the geographic distance, but language, cultural, administrative, and economic distances as well. Language Concerns Language affects the way of employees, customers and business partners communicate with each other. Based on the level of foreign language knowledge–basically the English–in the country’s society, the ABC Inc. must carefully decide whether it can use English as a working and advertising language or if its management has to learn the country’s own language and build the strategy on that language (Kozenkow). Cultural Concerns The habits, behaviors and consumer preferences of every society are determined with Culture. While implementing a business strategy overseas, ABC Kitchen Inc, should consider all the cultural characteristics of the targeted society. When entering new country the t firm should ask if the customers want the same thing, or it will have to modify the product to fit their satisfactions. . Therefore, for increasing overseas sale, ABC Inc, must plan its overseas strategy keeping in mind of the culture of the country for which the strategy is being planned. Administrative and International Laws concerns The ABC kitchen, Inc, need to abide and respect the different regulations,  government policies, and legal systems, because countries vary widely on these dimensions, which require the firm to has a deep understanding on how to meet those regulations to avoid failure, even if the firm has the best products in the markets. Technical development concerns Differences among the technical development and facility of markets internationally or within the United States determine fundamentally the opportunities of production, sales and marketing of the operating businesses. Management can build your advertising and promotion strategy exclusively on the Internet if the majority of the national population or local community uses the Web as its primary source of information. Economic concerns An other important factor is economic concern which is the average of purchasing power customers in different countries, and how elastic this power is, therefore, it means how much demand for the product changes, as the price goes up and down, because this is a big deal for the firm to know who are used to buy products in the market, where every one is wealthy. In other hands, may people with low wage should be a target. Economic differences like these have a major influence on what type of products will be demanded. Supply Chain Management Supply chains are an integral part of global quality and cost management initiative, because a typical company’s supply chain cost can represent more than 50% of assets and more than 80% of revenues. (Ball, 2010), in other word, the ABC, Inc should reduce the inventory of chain supply to reduce the cost. In order to do that the Board of Directors of ABC Inc. has to expresses reconsiderations for management across business functions in supply chain management. Managing the flow of raw materials, supplies as well as finished products are equally important as the management of sales and marketing. Competition Another concern is the competition in overseas market. Local products tend to be cheaper than the internationally exported products due to various forms of taxes included in them. Therefore, how will be the completion met in the  overseas market and what the management plans to do with the taxes and prices in the overseas market, the board of directors should be interested in knowing these aspects. Finance and Accounting Another factor that the firm should take it on consideration is the accounting practices and standard changes across the national borders, it is an obstacle to merge subsidiary financial results with those at the parent company, this is why there is a growing movement toward convergence of accounting standards across countries (Ball, 2010). This convergence will help the financial management to be more integrating, because the statements will be comparable. ABC complete Kitchen Finance management is particularly a concern point, as overseas countries change in value in terms of each other based on currency exchange rates. How will the ABC Inc. comply with financial laws and regulations in the host country, the concern particularly addresses following questions to be answered: What management is doing to understand how fluctuations in currency value change international business transactions? What is the process for financial tools such as derivatives, hedges, payment timing, exposure netting, price adjustments, balance sheet neutralizing, and swaps, and how they affect business performance? When and how to pay exporters in forms other than money; buyers frequently prefer payment rendered in the form of goods or services (countertrade)? Human resource concern Board of directors of ABC complete Kitchen Inc. has expressed interest and concern about the strategies of management and have questioned that how will be the needs of the resources and workers will be met across different countries. Furthermore, what is the best way to meet the needs of these employees and also best utilize their skills and talents to keep the business functioning smoothly? (Business) Ethics and Society Concerns After the ABC kitchen,Inc established a business global plan for marketing, operations, and human resource management , should now establish an ethically and socially business plan among its international management considerations. â€Å"The purpose of the firm is not simply to make profit, but to create value for all of its stakeholders, business success is judged not simply by company’s financial, but by how well it serves broad social interests† (Laweren, 2008). In other words if ABC ,Inc want to successes internationally, it should adopt strategy that apply ethical values and the respect of people on its global environment and for different people that affect the company, from the stakeholder ,to the shareholders, employees, customers, and society. To achieve that the Broad Director of the firm should adopt a stakeholder theory that consists on: identifying the relevant stakeholders group, determining the stake of each group, determining how the expectation of each group are met, finally look for the stakeholder interests. By following these steps the firm will build a good relationship with the shareholder, moreover will build reputation and trust that will enhance its performance. Finally, f or the hiring process the ABC ,Inc should put values and ethics as requirement to hire new employees, because it will not just help the organization but the global market place. Conclusion In summary, getting global strategy wright can be very difficult, because it requires matching the wright reasons for going global with the wright places and the wright strategies. The ABC Complete kitchen, Inc should follow the steps suggested while managing significant differences between countries, and responding to the intense rivalry from both global and local competitors, however when the challenges are great, the ABC Inc should get it wright, to win in a really big way. References Ball,G. (2010). International business: The Challenge of global competition,12th Edition, New York, NY: the McGraw-Hill Companies Boundless.com. (n.d.). Considerations-when-managing-a-global-corporation. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management- textbook/globalization-and-business-14/managing-international-corporations- 107/considerations-when-managing-a-global-corporation-499-10752/. Business, R. f. (n.d.). International Management. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Gr-Int/International- Management.html. Kozenkow, J. (n.d.). International Management Challenges. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/international-management-challenges-56168.html. Lawerence,W. (2008). Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy, 12th Edition. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Sullivan, D. (2011). Business strategies for organizational effectiveness within the global Perspective. Pearson Education, NJ: Prentice hall.